Phase-down method for natural caving mining

The bottoming method has two methods: shallow hole bottoming and deep hole bottoming (see Figures 1, 2). The bottoming roadway is generally arranged at a level of 4 to 15 m above the level of the mined mine, and the parallel parallel bottoming roadway with the same spacing between the tunneling and the funnel. The distance between the level of the mined and the level of the bottom is mainly determined by the stability of the rock and the method of pulling the bottom.


Figure 1 Gravity mining
1-Transportation roadway; 2-minening chute; 3-branch chute; 4-grid roadway;
5-funnel; 6-pull roadway; 7-pull hole; 8-way

Figure 2 Scraper tapping system
1-Scraper road; 2-loading approach; 3-flat bottom V-groove; 4-draw roadway; 5--mining trench blasthole;
6-Lotto hole; 7-mining chute; 8-transport roadway; 9-return airway roadway; 10-return roadway
The lowest height of the bottom is that after the bottom is pulled, the spine between the funnels does not hinder the natural collapse of the upper ore. That is, there is no support point at the bottom level. The height of the shallow hole bottom is 2.5 to 5.0 m. When using a deep hole (or a medium-deep hole) to pull the bottom, it is required to form a bottoming space with a height of more than 3.0 m above the funnel spine after pulling down.
The bottoming speed is adapted to the speed of the caving and the output. In the initial stage, the bottom should not be too fast, so that the secondary stress can be fully developed and it is favorable to collapse, but it should not be too slow or paused. This is unfavorable for the mining roadway and should be maintained evenly. With the accumulation of production experience, the speed of pulling the bottom can be appropriately accelerated.
The blasting holes are blasted in sequence with the advancing line, and each row is blasted 2 to 3 rows (about 5 m). After each blasting, it is necessary to carefully check whether the residual column is left. Once the residual column is found, it must be treated in time. Otherwise, the ore will be prevented from collapsing naturally and stress concentration will occur on the mining roadway.
The bottom is generally pushed from the side close to the collapsed ore block, or from the upper plate of the ore body, and is stepped along the diagonal direction. It is necessary to strictly control the advance distance of the adjacent pull-up, generally within 15m. When the uneven distribution of ore grade in order to recover funds early, typically the initial undercut of high grade ore selected segment. From the point of view of rock mechanics, it is necessary to start the bottoming from the weak ore section, which is conducive to the ore caving, and is also beneficial to the maintenance of the mining roadway. When a large structural fault passes through the mining section, the bottom line must be pushed vertically. It should be noted that the direction of the bottom pusher line is as close as possible to the horizontal principal stress direction of the original rock. The shape of the horizontal area of ​​the bottom is preferably rectangular, and the long side of the rectangle is perpendicular to the horizontal principal stress direction of the original rock, which is beneficial to the collapse of the ore body. . The bottom push line cannot be parallel with the lower mine roadway, so that the arch stress can be applied to a certain roadway in the same period.

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